Investigative Report on the Source of Plastinated Human Bodies
By the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong
Nov. 24, 2012
Foreword
I. Chinese Public Security, Procuratorate and Court Systems are Providers of “Cadavers”
II. Most “Fresh Cadavers” were Persecuted Falun Gong Practitioners
III. Sale and Exhibition of Plastinated Bodies Hugely Profitable Generating World’s “Largest Plastination Business”
IV. Support from the Chinese Government’s Support Made Human Cadaver Plastination Business Thrive
Conclusion
Foreword
In today’s China, human body plastination has become a hugely profitable business. China is the only country where such business has been made possible by the government. The human body plastination business started around 2000 when the Chinese regime intensified its persecution of Falun Gong practitioners and continued through the peak of the persecution.
Human body plastination is a process to preserve human body or body parts by replacing water and lipid tissues with curable polymers, such as silicone, epoxy and polyester-copolymer [1]. The only bottleneck of this process is the availability of “human cadavers,” because the plastination process requires fresh corpses, which have not been treated with preservatives such as formalin [2].
According to rules of medical examination, human corpse that is within 2 days of mortality is considered fresh [3]. Dalian Hoffen Bio-Technique Co., Ltd. (referred to as “Dalian Hoffen” in this report), located in Dalian City of China’s northeastern province of Liaoning, was founded in 2004 when Bo Xilai was Governor of Liaoning Province and the Deputy Chief of the Provincial Party Committee. Dalian Hoffen is a “human body plastination” factory utilizing solely Chinese bodies.
The General Manager of Dalian Hoffen and Director of Department of Anatomy at Dalian Medical University, Sui Hongjin [4] once claimed that some “cadavers” were from the Public Security Bureau, and that the reason Dalian Hoffen could become “the largest human body plastination factory in the world” was due to the “caring and support” from “government officials of various levels.” In fact, many Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials and government agencies have been involved in one way or another in the plastination business.
World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFG) has published reports on Falun Gong practitioners killed for their organs [5]. This report focuses on the source of the cadavers used for plastination. The Chinese regime’s public security, procuratorate and court systems, controlled by the Political & Legislative Affairs Committee (PLAC), are not only the main agencies to persecute Falun Gong, but also the providers of “fresh human corpses.”
I. Chinese Public Security, Procuratorate and Court Systems are Providers of “Cadavers”
1. Human body plastination process requires fresh cadavers
The “Autopsy Regulation” was issued by the Ministry of Health on Feb. 22, 1979 and reinforced by the Ministry of Public Security. The regulation stipulates that if a human corpse remains unclaimed for at least 30 days, it is deemed “unclaimed corpse” and can be used for autopsy studies by medical schools. The medical schools must obtain permits from relevant agencies or the Public Security Bureau in order to use the corpses [6].
In order to preserve the “unclaimed corpse” for 30 days, preservatives must be used. Otherwise, within 10 to 23 days after death, the corpse will have only hair, skin, bone and cartilage left. However, many plastination related research reports, thesis and announcements emphasize the corpses must be “fresh,” or must be “fresh adult corpse with no external wounds and pathological changes,” or must be “between 25 and 40 years old.”
The following are some examples of such “fresh corpses” in use for plastination purpose.
Gunter Von Hagen, the inventor of plastination, was Sui Hongjin’s teacher in Germany and later Sui’s boss in the Von Hagen Plastination factory in Dalian. On Dec. 29, 2001, Hagens received an encrypted email from Sui saying, “This morning, two fresh, top quality corpses arrived at the factory. The livers were removed only a few hours ago. [7]”
A 2005 research report by Shandong Province Weifang Medical College Department of Anatomy said, “take fresh adult corpses with no external wounds and pathological changes, inject 8,000ml formalin through the cerebral arteries, then inject silicone … [8]” The report was a program of National Natural Science Foundation of China.
A 2006 research report by the People’s Liberation Army Lanzhou Region General Hospital said, “choose 8 male corpses of ages between 25 and 40 with good teeth structure; take the heads and dissect them into 8cm x 8cm x 10cm specimens … [9]”
A 2006 Shandong University Ph.D. thesis on liver segmental anatomy said that the “experimental materials were 15 fresh human cadaver livers. [10]”
An announcement issued by Hunan Province Changde municipal government on Nov. 10, 2011 said, “Changde Technical Vocational School only uses single source for human specimen because human body plastination requires fresh, unpreserved human bodies. [11]”
2. Most corpses were from public security, procuratorate and court systems
When asked about the source of the bodies used in his plastination factory in Dalian, Sui Hongjin [12] answered, “The bodies were used by medical schools for autopsy study. The medical schools obtained the bodies as ‘unclaimed corpses.’ [13]” However, those bodies were plastinated in Sui Hongjin’s factory within hours, not exceeding 2 days, of death. The bodies were indeed unclaimed or it might be that the bodies were not even allowed to be claimed. Where did Sui Hongjin get so many “fresh bodies” to support the lucrative plastination business?
In 2004, the German news magazine “Der Spiegal” obtained evidences confirming that in the “fetus and infant” database maintained by the Von Hagens Plastination factory in Dalian, there was a detailed record of a 9-month-old fetus labeled 01BR01. The male fetus arrived at the factory on March 26, 2001. His nationality was “mainland China” (Inlaendich). His origin was clearly written as “Public Security Bureau.” How could a 9-month-old fetus come from the Public Security Bureau?
In May 2008, a settlement with the attorney general of New York obliged Premier Exhibitions, Sui Hongjin’s exhibition partner, to publish a disclaimer on its website and at the exhibition hall [14]. The disclaimer clearly states that the origin of Dalian Hoffen’s cadavers was from “the Chinese Bureau of Police.”
The disclaimer reads:
This exhibit displays human remains of Chinese citizens or residents which were originally received by the Chinese Bureau of Police. The Chinese Bureau of Police may receive bodies from Chinese prisons. Premier cannot independently verify that the human remains you are viewing are not those of persons who were incarcerated in Chinese prisons.
This exhibit displays full body cadavers as well as human body parts, organs, fetuses and embryos that come from cadavers of Chinese citizens or residents. With respect to the human parts, organs, fetuses and embryos you are viewing, Premier relies solely on the representations of its Chinese partners and cannot independently verify that they do not belong to persons executed while incarcerated in Chinese prisons.
Image1: Premier Exhibitions, Inc. Publishes Disclaimer on its Website
Telephone Recording between a WOIPFG investigator and Sui Hongjin
In 2012, WOIPFG conducted telephone investigation with Sui Hongjin. Sui admitted that some “cadavers” were from Dalian Public Security Bureau.
Listen to original recording in Chinese:
Download: MP3
Transcript:
Operator: “Hello, thank you for calling Dalian Hoffen, please dial the extension, or press 0 for directory.”
Sui Hongjin: Hello,
Investigator: Hello, we would like to speak to professor Sui Hongjin.
Sui: Who are you?
Investigator: I am so-and-so (omitted). Are you professor Sui?
Sui: Yes.
Investigator: When Bo Xilai was in charge of Dalian, Von Hagens Plastination Factory was established. You worked there as the general manager, right?
Sui: Right.
Investigator: Please tell us about the relationship between Bo Xilai, his wife Gu Kailai and the Hagens Factory. What kind of relationship do they have?
Sui: Because I handled this matter, mainly was thinking that, Hagens was given an award …, Dalian Xinghai Friendship Award.
Investigator: yes.
Sui: Hagens happened to be there when the award was being issued… the Friendship Award.
Investigator: oh.
Sui: He got the award, and then he was given the award on a ceremony.
Investigator: oh.
Sui: Later, Hagens himself took advantage of this honor,
Investigator: oh.
Sui: Hagens bragged about his intimate relationship with Bo Xilai. Then I left his company.
Investigator: We know about this.
Sui: Hagens used his relationship with Bo Xilai, the mayor.
Investigator: oh
Sui: Hagens met Bo Xilai during the award ceremony,
Investigator: oh
Sui: and they took a picture together.
Investigator: What is the main source of the corpses your company used?
Sui: A few dozens were from the Public Security Bureau. That’s it, from the Public Security.
Investigator: From the Public Security. How many in total have you gotten from the Public Security Bureau?
Sui: I can’t remember now, a few dozen.
Investigator: ah
Sui: If you come in person to investigate, I can tell you about this. It is not very appropriate to talk about this on the phone.
Investigator: Which Public Security Bureau provided you (the corpses)?
Sui: oh … Dalian city, Dalian Public Security Bureau.
Investigator: So the corpses you used were from the Public Security Bureau. Do you know where they got those corpses?
Sui: They … should be … how do I say it, it was around 2004, they had an internal report, about …
Investigator: oh
Sui: the report was for the Ministry of Public Security.
Investigator: oh
Sui: Because I only cared about the results of some specific things, it was not good for me to ask for too many details. Why don’t you … hmm … just because this matter is very sensitive, I am willing to cooperate with you,
Investigator: ah, ah,
Sui: If necessary, I can talk to you face to face. I can also provide my signature. I will be responsible for my words.
Investigator: Which department is directly controlling your company? Is it Dalian Medical University?
Sui: Yes. About the Hagens situation, I am more familiar with it than the university.
Investigator: Good. Thank you for your cooperation.
Sui: You are welcome.
Investigator: Good. That’s it for now. Goodbye.
Sui: Goodbye.
The “Health Care Ethnic Training” magazine is affiliated with the Department of Education at the Ministry of Health and Department of Health of Gansu Province [15]. In 2004, a thesis titled “The Collection of Human Cadavers” was published in the magazine. The article says “obtaining the support from the public security, procuratorate and court system is essential, since they are the main sources of the cadavers [16].”
II. Most “Fresh Cadavers” were Persecuted Falun Gong Practitioners
WOIPFG investigations have confirmed that the “fresh cadavers” were neither from “donations” nor from “unclaimed corpses.” Many were from Falun Gong practitioners, who were killed by the Chinese regime.
Premier Exhibitions Disclaimer: “Cannot Independently Verify the Origin of Bodies.”
Sui Hongjin’s partner, U.S. based Premier Exhibitions affirms in its disclaimer as such: “This exhibit displays full body cadavers as well as human body parts, organs, fetuses and embryos that come from cadavers of Chinese citizens or residents. With respect to the human parts, organs, fetuses and embryos you are viewing, Premier relies solely on the representations of its Chinese partners and cannot independently verify that they do not belong to persons executed while incarcerated in Chinese prisons” [14].
Sui Hongjin: “None was from Donations and Executed Prisoners.”
In an interview with the Southern Metropolis Daily in August 2012, Sui Hongjin said, “So far none of our plastinated cadavers were donated [13].” According to Chinese law, if a human corpse remains unclaimed for at least 30 days, it is deemed “unclaimed corpse” and can be used for autopsy studies by medical schools. However, Sui Hongjin’s company has been using fresh human cadavers, i.e., a few hours to two days after death, to make plastinated specimens for exhibition and commercial trade. Aparantly those “unclaimed” bodies did not even go through the procedure of identification. Sui’s company has no consent from the deceased or their family members. Even if there was family consent, it is illegal to trade human cadavers.
Gunter Von Hagens: “It is impossible to get donated bodies in China.”
On Oct. 21, 2003, Hagens wrote in an email: “So far, we haven’t received any donated bodies yet in China [7].” On Aug. 17, 2012, Gunter Von Hagens’ son told Deutsche Welle that until then they had received one Chinese cadaver [17]. Apparently, the company’s “cadaver donation program” is no more than a promotional slogan.
Telephone Recording between a WOIPFG investigator and a “610 Office” official
In the phone conversation, a “610 Office” official surnamed Zhao said that “Gu Kailai traded cadavers and they are not just from Falun Gong practitioners.”
Listen to original recording in Chinese:
Download: MP3
Transcript:
Investigator: Hello, is this the 610?
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: ah?
Investigator: is this the 610 office?
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: yes.
Investigator: Do you know. . .
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: Who are you?
Investigator: Do you know that you guys are a criminal group?
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: I am (610 office). Who are you?
Investigator: Once the persecution ends, have you ever thought about what will happen to you? See what had happened to Gu Kailai, on the surface, she …
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: Gu Kailai was selling organs of Falun Gong.
Investigator: What did you say?
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: I said, you were talking about Gu Kailai, the one who sold organs of Falun Gong people.
Investigator: Yes, she had two human cadaver plastination factories in Dalian. She sold plastinated full-body cadavers for one million U.S. dollars each; the cadavers without internal organs were sold for $800,000 USD.
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: Oh,
Investigator: she is a devil.
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: what she sold were not all from Falun Gong,
Investigator: you know they were not just from Falun Gong, right?
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: ah, ah
Investigator: some were Tibetans and Mongolians went to appeal …
Mr. Zhao, 610 Office: forget it… (Hung up the phone.)
Telephone Recording between a WOIPFG Investigator and Wang Hongchun, Vice Chairman of Dalian Hoffen
The telephone investigation was conducted on Sept. 17, 2012. The WOIPFG investigator posed as the secretary of Xia Deren, deputy Party chief of Liaoning Province (former mayor of Dalian). Wang Hongchun is the Vice Chairman of Dalian Hoffen. In the conversation, Wang Hongchun did not deny the usage of Falun Gong practitioners in Dalian Hoffen.
Listen to original recording in Chinese:
Download: MP3
Transcript:
Operator: Hello, welcome to Dalian Hoffen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., please dial the extension, or dial 0 for directory.
Operator: Please wait.
Wang Hongchun: Hello.
Investigator: Hello, is this Vice Chairman Wang Hongchun?
Wang Hongchun: yes
Investigator: I am the secretary of the Provincial Party Secretary Xia Deren. Secretary Xia asked me to tell you a few words.
Wang Hongchun: Ok, go ahead.
Investigator: Regardless of which level of agency investigating, you cannot release any information about your company’s cadavers are from Falun Gong practitioners. Can you promise?
Wang Hongchun: I want to talk to Secretory Xia, I know Secretory Xia.
Investigator: I know, but he is in a meeting now, he wanted me to tell you about it.
Wang Hongchun: Oh, I will call him after he finishes his meeting.
Investigator: Well, that is fine. The key point is that you can’t disclose this secret. Secretary Xia is particularly concerned about these things since the influence is too big. Therefore he asked me to tell you.
Wang Hongchun: ah, ok, I know now.
Investigator: ok, good.
Wang Hongchun: That’s it.
Investigator: Goodbye.
Telephone Recording between a WOIPFG investigator and Sun Guangtian, former head of Dalian Public Security Bureau
The phone investigation was conducted on Sept. 18, 2012. A WOIPFG investigator, who claimed to be the secretary of Xia Deren, deputy Chief of Liaoning Provincial Party Committee, talked to Sun Guangtian, deputy major of Dalian City who served as the head of the Public Security Bureau of Dalian City from 2000 to 2003. In the conversation, Sun Guangtian talked about Bo Xilai and Gu Kailai’s involvement in illegal trafficking of cadavers of Falun Gong practitioners.
Listen to original recording in Chinese:
Download: MP3
Transcript:
Sun Guangtian: Hello?
Invesitgator: Hi, is this deputy major of Dalian, Sun Guangtian?
Sun Guangtian: Yes.
Investigatior: I am deputy Party Chief Xia Deren’s secretary. He has a few words for you.
Sun Guangtian: Ok, go ahead.
Investigator: A lot of things have happened. No matter what, do not reveal that Bo Xilai’s wife Gu Kailai, was selling bodies of Falun Gong practitioners, in case anyone asks.
Sun Guangtian: Who are you?
Investigator: My surname is Wang.
Sun Guangtian: Party Committee Secretary Xia’s secretary is surnamed Wang?
Investigator: Yes, I was transferred here recently.
Sun Guangtian: Oh ok.
Investigator: Can you do what I said?
Sun Guangtian: Yes, go on.
Investigator: If other departments ask about this, make sure you don’t reveal anything.
Sun Guangtian: Hmm. What else do you want to tell me?
Investigator: Also, Secretary Xia wants me to tell you to make sure those from the Dalian Public Security Bureau back then also keep things a secret.
Sun Guangtian: Please tell Secretary Xia to trust me. I’ll make sure this is carried out.
Investigator: Great. Goodbye.
Expansion of Labor Camps in Dalian by Bo Xilai
In July 1999, the persecution of Falun Gong started in China. In late 1999, Bo Xilai was promoted to be member of the Liaoning Provincial Party Committee, Mayor and Party Chief of Dalian City. From 2000 to 2004, Bo was the Governor of Liaoning Province and the deputy Party Chief of the Provincial Party Committee [18].
In the early years of the persecution of Falun Gong, Bo Xilai spearheaded in the construction and expansion of prisons and labor camps, such as Dalian Prison, Nanguanling Prison, Jinzhou Prison, Wafangdian Prison, Zhuanghe Prison, Zhoushuizi Labor Camp. Dalian Detention Center, and Yaojia Detention Center. Not only large number of Falun Gong practitioners from Dalian City, but also those from other provinces were detained there.
After Bo Xilai became the Governor of Liaoning Province, he built and expanded Masanjia Labor Camp in Shenyang City, Longshan Labor Camp and Shenxin Labor Camp. Many of the newly constructed labor camps were only used to detain Falun Gong practitioners. Falun Gong practitioners, who were arrested in Beijing and would not reveal their identities, were sent to these labor camps controlled by Bo Xilai. These labor camps include the No. 3 Prison of Liaoning, Dalian Nanguanling Prison, Dalian Labor Camp and Yaojia Detention Center. They are all located in Ganjingzi District of Dalian City, where Sui Hongjin and Von Hagens established the human body plastination factories [19].
III. Sale and Exhibition of Plastinated Bodies Hugely Profitable Generating World’s “Largest Plastination Business” [20]
On May 12, 2006, the Chinese regime’s nine ministries and administrations jointly adopted the “Provisions on the Administration of Entry and Exit of Cadavers and Treatment of Cadavers.” Article 2 says: “The term cadavers as mentioned in the present Provisions shall refer to the dead human bodies and the specimens thereof (including human organs and tissues, human bones and the specimens thereof).” Article 8 says: “Trading of cadavers is strictly prohibited. Commercial activities using cadavers are strictly prohibited.”
However, the so-called law enforcement agencies under CCP control are merely tools for the CCP officials to pursuit individual interests. Since former CCP head Jiang Zemin started the persecution of Falun Gong in 1999, the entire state apparatus,
including the law enforcement organs, existed solely for the purpose of persecution. Law and regulations were destroyed and human cadaver sale and plastination business became rampant. Even the government agencies were actively participating as buyers of plastinated human specimens. As the provider, Dalian Medical University Plastination Co., Ltd. was particularly active.
1. Plastinated Human Body Specimen Bidding Announcements
Guangzhou Medical University full-body plastinated specimen (Bidding number: PSP-GZ-0106115) [21]
Bidding Start Date: Dec. 1, 2006
Bidding End Date: Dec. 13, 2006
Specimen Description: full-body nerve system, full-body artery and vein (shallow layer on one side, deep layer on the other side) plastinated model
Provider: Dalian Medical University Plastination Co., Ltd.
Price: 135,000 yuan
Specimen Description: Full-body artery plastinated model (shallow layer on one side, deep layer on the other side)
Provider: Dalian Medical University Plastination Co., Ltd.
Agreed Price: 120,000 yuan
Sourcing Contact: Guangzhou Medical University, a faculty surnamed Luo
Sourcing Agency: Guangzhou Bidding Representative Co., Ltd. Ms. Chan
Specimen Description: full-body joints and organ plastinated model
Provider: Qingdao Keyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Price: 75,000 yuan
Specimen description: full-body muscle plastinated model (shallow and deep layer)
Provider: Qingdao Keyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Price: 75,000 yuan
Sourcing Contact: Guangzhou Medical University, a faculty surnamed Luo
Sourcing Agency: Guangzhou Bidding Representative Co., Ltd. Ms. Chan
“Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School Plastinated Human Bodies 0811-DSITC09202” Bidding Program [22]
The chinabidding.com website is approved by the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Finance and National Development and Reform Commission [23].
Bidding Open: Sept. 24, 2009
Bidding Close: Oct. 10, 2009
Winning Tenderer: Dalian Hoffen Bio-Technology Co., Ltd.
Tender: Shanghai Dongsong International Trading Co., Ltd.
Mudanjiang Medical University Human Body Teaching Model and Service Bidding Announcement on Mudanjiang municipal government website [24]:
Bidding Start: June 30, 2011
Tenderer Announcement: Feb. 15, 2012
Winning Tenderer: Dalian Hoffen
Price: 997,000 yuan
An announcement by Changde Technical Vocational School, Hunan Province [25]
Date: Nov. 10, 2011
Budget: 940,000 yuan
Successful Bidder: Zhengzhou City Hongke Weijiao Trading Co. Ltd.
Reason for single bidder: “The use of single source for human specimen is because human body plastination requires fresh, unpreserved human bodies. The human body mushroom shaped specimen and human body meridian specimen are only provided by Zhengzhou City Hongke Weijiao Trading Co. Ltd.”
Contact: Luo Ling from Changde Technical Vocational School
2. Plastinated Human Body Specimens for Sale Online
Dalian Medical University Plastination Co., Ltd. online shop
Sui Hongjin’s Dalian Medical University Plastination Co., Ltd. advertises its human specimens online. On a website specializing in educational equipment, under the category of “plastinated human specimen” were 7 sub-categories, namely digestive system, nervous system, reproductive system, endocrine system, urogenital system, respiratory system and sensory system. Every “product,” such a “plastinated brain [26],” a “plastinated renovascular system [27],” a “plastinated heart and lung combine specimen [28],” “plastinated bronchial tube and pulmonary artery [29],” “plastinated bronchial tube and pulmonary vein [30],” “fetus 10 to 32 weeks [31]” all marked with “price negotiable face-to-face.”
Other examples:
3. Human Body Exhibition Functions as Trade Show
On April 8, 2004, the “Body Worlds” exhibition, which was organized by the Chinese Society for Anatomy and approved by the Ministry of Health and China Association for Science and Technology, officially opened at the Exhibition Hall of China Architectural Culture Center in Beijing. The exhibition displayed 20 full body specimens and over 200 human organ specimens. The full body specimens showed various height and weight, male and female, and were “plastinated” into bazzare postures.
The “Skin Carrier” specimen shows a male cadaver holding the complete set of his own skin [33]. Please exercise caution when seeing the picture here.
The “Big Red Man” is a plastinated full body showing the complete vascular system. The plasinated human vascular system requires the cadaver to be fresh, free of preservatives. The blood vessels must be without damage in order for the fluid to flow freely. The specimen is made by injecting plastination materials into vessels, organs and excreting channels. The body can then be molded into shape. Acids, alkalis or natrual corrosion chemicals are then added. After the organs are removed, the leftover vessels become the specimen [34]. Please exercise caution when seeing the picture here.
The “Female with Fetus” specimen is a standing female anatomical specimen. The muscle shows pinkish tone. One can clearly see the lungs, heart, ovary and womb, where a three-month old fetus lies. Wang Jian, deputy general manager of Dalian Hoffen said: “The ‘Female with Fetus’ specimen is the only such type in China [35].” Please exercise caution when seeing the pictures here: Full body picture and Half body enlarged picture.
According to Chinese law, pregnant women cannot be given the death penalty. Even if the woman died in a car accident, her family would never allow their loved ones’ bodies to be made into human specimens.
These specimens were all provided by Sui Hongjin and his colleagues at Dalian Medical University Plastination Co., Ltd. These plastinated human bodies have one thing in common, which is that their skin have been completely removed so that “no one can identify them,” Sui Hongjin explained [36]. Under the banner of “science education,” the specimens at the exhibition were priced ranging from tens of thousands yuan to several million yuan, turning the exhibition into a trade show [37]. The admission fee was 50 yuan for adult and 25 yuan for student [38].
4. China has become the largest exporter of human specimens
Gunter von Hagens sold plastinated Chinese corpses to the rest of the world
Von Hagens has been denying the use of Chinese corpses in his exhibitions. He told Deutsche Welle that in order to “refute” Der Spiegel’s accusation (in its Jan. 19, 2004 report) of him using the corpses of Chinese prisoners, Hagens ordered his Dalian plastination factory workers to check the 650 cadavers for gun shot wounds. The response from Hagens suggests that the 650 cadavers were all Chinese. It turned out that 7 cadavers had head injuries [39]. This suggests that the 7 people may have been executed prisoners. On Oct. 21, 2003, Von Hagens said that he could not “get any donated bodies in China [13].” Then who were those 643 Chinese bodies?
Oriental Outlook Weekly reported on November 24, 2003, that Von Hagens Plastination Co., Ltd, a German-owned enterprise in Dalian has trafficked many Chinese corpse-made specimens to the rest of the world and earned hundreds of millions of dollars in profit [40]. Von Hagens Plastination Co., Ltd. was established in August 1999 with the approval of Dalian municipal government [41]. In 2003, Sui Hongjin, former general manager of Von Hagens Plastination Co. Ltd., told Oriental Outlook, “Hagens did not intend to hold exhibitions in China because there would not be as much profit. He only intended to make China his production base because the cost of labor and raw material are a lot lower in China. [42]”
Before its production halt in 2006, Von Hagens Plastination (Dalian) Co., Ltd. reported an annual income of 131.69 million yuan, and 714.66 million yuan in total assets. The address of the company was 27 Qixianling Gaoneng Street, Hi-tech Zone, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province [43].
Sui Hongjin sold plastinated Chinese corpses to the rest of the world
In the past 9 years since 2004, Sui Hongjin’s human body exhibitions appeared in over 60 cities and over 20 countries [44]. Specimens made from over 1,000 Chinese corpses have been sold and displayed in the U.S. and European countries.
In the United States, Sui Hongjin’s human body exhibition is called “BODIES-The Exhibition.”
In 2005, Sui Hongjin collaborated with U.S.-based Premier Exhibitions to open the “BODIES-The Exhibition” in America [45]. The specimens were provided by Dalian Hoffen. According to Sui, they signed a five year lease agreement and Premier Exhibitions paid $25 million dollars for the lease [46]. The first exhibition opened in New York (11 Fulton Street, lower Manhattan) on Nov. 19, 2005. The exhibition displayed 22 full body specimens and over 260 body parts made from Chinese corpses. The admission fee was $24.5 each [47]. By 2012, Premier Exhibitions has increased its collections to “over 200 actual human bodies and specimens meticulously dissected and respectfully displayed [48].”
Sui Hongjin’s BODIES–The Exhibition has become a major source of revenue for Premier Exhibitions. In Las Vegas, New York and Atlanta, where Premier Exhibitions headquarter is, the BODIES has been on permanent display charging over $20 dollars per ticket [49]. The official website of BODIES – The Exhibition claims that “BODIES has been experienced by more than 15 million people worldwide [50].” A Southern Metropolis reporter checked the annual report of Premiere Exhibitions. The 2009 10-k form indicates 19 percent of the company’s revenue came from Titanic and 67 percent of the revenue came from BODIES – The Exhibition.
In Europe, Sui Hongjin’s human body exhibition is called The Human Body (or THB).
The Human Body premiered in Dublin, Ireland on Feb. 2, 2012 “featuring more than 200 real human body specimens.” It lasted until July 31, 2012. Similar exhibitions had attractd over 20 million visitors worldwide [51]. Sui Hongjin’s partner for the European exhibitions is Florida-based HK Exhibitions. Sui Hongjing wrote in a statement to HK Exhibitions saying: “Dalian Hoffen only accepts specimens that have been legally donated, are free of infectious disease and certified to have died of natural causes [52]. “ However, in August 2012 Sui Hongjin told Southern Metropolis that “none of our plastinated human specimens were from donated corpses. [13]”
During the six-month exhibition in Dublin, THB exhibitions were also held in other European countries.
From February 24 to May 27, 2012, THB exhibition was held in Budapest, Hungary. The description of the exhibition said, “All of the bodies were obtained through the Dalian Medical University Plastination Laboratories in the People’s Republic of China. [53]” Another report mentioned that HK Exhibitions Inc. was the organizer of this exhibition and that “This exhibition attracted more than 300 thousand visitors in 2008 in Budapest. The Human Body was enriched with new attractions, and presents more than 150 human bodies and body-parts. [54]”
From June 16 to September 9, 2012, The Human Body was in Ostend – Flanders, Belgium [55].
From March 10 to June 10, 2012, THB was held in Prague, Czech Republic. When asked about the source of the corpses, local organizers responded: “The entire exhibition was brought here and cleared as customs as an art collection, so nobody requested to see any documents proving the origin of the bodies, and I suppose nobody will want to see it anyway. The bodies were, however, provided by the Chinese government, so the main organizer, which is an American company, does have a document from the Chinese government [56].”
Sui Hongjin’s Dalian Hoffen Bio-Technique Co., Ltd. [57] also owns Dalian Medical University Plastination Co., Ltd., Dalian Hoffen Cultural Development Co., Ltd. [58] and Dalian Jinshitan Life and Mystery Museum [59]. The three subsidiaries use the same address: 36 Guangyuan Street, Lushun Economic Development Zone, Dalian. Sui Hongjin is the legal representative and general manager [60]. Wang Hongchun is the vice chairman and deputy general manager [61]. The company’s main operation is “plastination specimens” and “popular science exhibitions” [62].
Dalian Television Station reported on Nov. 23, 2010, “On Nov. 21, 2009, the State Council and the Central Military Commission had formally approved the opening-up of Lushun Economic Zone. By the end of 2009, Dalian Hoffen located in Lushun Economic Zone began its operation. Its annual income reached over 200 million yuan. It has business relations with over 100 well-known museums around the world. The opening-up of ports was the main factor that Dalian Hoffen chose to operate in Lushun. [63]”
IV. Chinese Government’s Support Made Human Cadaver Plastination Business Thrive
According to an Aug. 23, 2012 article on Southern Metropolis Daily, there are several dozens of human body plastination factories in China. Among those, the Von Hagens factory and Sui Hongjin’s Dalian Hoffen are the largest and both are located in Dalian City. According to Sui Hongjin, the rest of the factories amount to only 10 percent of the business [64].
1. Bo Xilai awarded Hagens
In January 1994 when Bo Xilai was the mayor of Dalian City, Liaoning Province, Sui Hongjin, a teacher at Dalian Medical University, was sent to Germany to study plastination under Gunther von Hagens. Sui Hongjin played a key role in establishing the collaboration between Hagens and Dalian Medical University. In 1997, Hagens founded Hagens Institute of Plastination in Dalian, the first such institute in China. Sui Hongjin was the director.
In August 1999, one month after the CCP launched the persecution against Falun Gong, Dalian municipal government approved Hagens to invest 15 million dollars in a solely foreign-owned enterprise, Von Hagens Plastination Ltd., in Dalian Hi-tech Zone [65]. (Foreign Investment Approval Certificate: Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation [1999] No. 0298. Business license registration number: solely foreign-owned enterprises [1999] No. 07598) [66]. Sui Hongjin was appointed General Manager [67].
In July 2002, Dalian municipal government awarded Von Hagens Plastination Ltd. the title of “Hi-tech Enterprise” based on its allegedly advanced plastination technology [68]. In September 1999, at the Xinghai Friendship Award ceremony, Bo Xilai personally delivered the award certificate and medal to Hagens. Sui Hongjin later said, “I know about this award. Hagens happened to be there when the award was being issued. Later, Hagens bragged about his intimate relationship with Bo Xilai [69].”
2. The localization of plastination technique made possible by the “caring and support of officials from various levels”
In December 2000, Sui Hongjin was promoted to professor and director of Anatomy Department at Dalian Medical University. According to Dalian Hoffen Bio-Technique Co., Ltd., “In order to develop China’s own plastination technology,” with the support of Dalian Medical University, Sui Hongjin established a university-owned enterprise Dalian Medical University Plastination Co. Ltd. on June 21, 2002 without notifying von Hagens [70, 71, 72]. The registered investment was 1 million yuan [73]. Also in 2002, the Ministry of Health and Chinese Association of Science and Technology approved Sun Hongjin’s request to hold the first plastinated human body exhibition in China in 2004 – “The Body World Exhibit” [74]. Later Hagens found out about Sui Hongjin’s plastination company. Hagens fired his general manager, Sui Hongjin [75].
In 2004, Bo Xilai was promoted Governor of Liaoning Province [76]. The mayor of Dalian City was Xia Deren [77]. In January 2004, Sui Hongjin expanded his operation and established Dalian Hoffen Bio-Technique Co., Ltd. and served as Chairman of the Board [78]. The company was located in Dalian Hi-tech Zone [79]. It enjoyed the Dalian municipal tax break [80].
According to “Window of the Northeast”, a magazine affiliated with Dalian municipal Party Committee [81], “Sui Hongjin was very encouraged by the enthusiastic support for the “Body World Exhibit” from officials of all levels. The Ministry of Health and Chinese Association of Science and Technology approved his application, thus ensured the normality and legitimacy of the exhibition. Wu Jieping, then Vice Chairman of the National People’s Conference, wrote the name of the exhibition in Chinese calligraphy. Xue Shepu, member of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and chairman of Chinese Anatomy Society wrote the introduction for the books accompanied the exhibition. During the exhibition, Wu Yi, the Vice Premier of the State Council, asked the officials from the Ministry of Health to attend the exhibition to provide guidance and conduct field research [83].”
During the preparation for the “Body World” exhibition, Sui Hongjin was sent to Austria, Australia, Spain and other countries to participate in international Symposiums on plastination [81].
3. The Central Propaganda Department and the Ministry of Health Help Remove “Social Controversy” Surrounding the Exhibition
On Jan 1, 2004, the “Plastinated Human Body” exhibition provided by the Dalian Medical University [83] quietly opened at the Museum of Natural History in Beijing. The exhibition included six full body specimens and nearly 200 organ specimens. It was not well received by the populace and was called the “corpse exhibition.” Even the media, who are controlled by the Central Propaganda Department and only allowed to “speak with one voice”, published different opinions about the exhibition. Qiu Zongren, an expert in bioethics, told Beijing Morning Post that even for a human cadaver, because it carried a life before, thus it has dignity and deserves respect. Any commercial activities involving cadavers are considered disrespectful for life. Chen Tianmin, another expert in bioethics also pointed out that Chinese people couldn’t accept such inhumane practice. Such blatant commercialization of cadaver is against ethics. On Jan 9, Beijing Morning Post published these interviews entitled “Controversy Incited by the Human Corpse Exhibition; Experts Say that Cadaver Deserves Dignity” [84].
On April 8, 2004, amidst wide spread controversies, the “Plastinated Human Body” exhibition was held at China Architectural Culture Center. Sui Hongjin, deputy director of the Department of Anatomy and his assistants at Dalian Medical University provided over 20 plastinated human cadavers and over 200 plastinated human body parts. Comparing to the previous low profile exhibition in the Museum of Natural History, this time was completely the opposite. It announced a 4-month tour around the country with Beijing as the first stop.
The exhibition was jointly sponsored by Chinese Anatomy Association, Dalian Hoffen and Beijing Zhonghai Shangda Advertising Co., Ltd. [85]. Beijing Zhonghai Shangda Advertising Co., Ltd. is affiliated with the Propaganda Department of the Shanghai municipal Party Committee. “The publicity of the exhibition was very high profile. Such publicity included a press conference prior to the official opening, large amount of outdoor advertising, pamphlets and large images in many subway stations. The image was a skinned human cadaver proudly standing with his hands holding his own skin [86].
Beijing Qianlong News special contributors Ren Wei and Zhang Yongyi wrote, “They put human corpses on display and charge people money for it. Whatever they say the purpose is, education or art or making money, these are merely excuses. Many people can’t accept this kind of “science education” [87].
China High-tech Industry Herald, affiliated with the Ministry of Science and Technology, reported that Dalian Hoffen Biological Co., Ltd. was able to eliminate the controversy with the help from the Ministry of Health and the Central Propaganda Department [88]. On June 11, 2004, Dalian Hoffen’s “Body World” exhibition began in Korea. On Aug 8, 2005, Sui Hongjin’s plastinated human specimens landed in the United States [89].
4. With Chinese regime’s new regulation banning human body trade, Hagens’ factory closed down, but Sui Hongjin’s factory thrived
The “Provisions on the Administration of Entry and Exit of Cadavers and Treatment of Cadavers” took effect on Aug. 1, 2006. Article 8 strictly prohibit trading of cadavers and commercial activities using cadavers [90].
Von Hagens’ son Rurik von Hagens told Deutsche Welle, “In 2006, Beijing government issued a ban on export and import of plastinated human bodies. Since 2006, we stopped making plastinated bodies in China [91].” In 2007, Hagens stopped production in China [92].
However, the “Regulation” is only effective in banning Hagens, but not Sui Hongjin. Since the “Regulation,” Sui Hongjin’s domestic business of making plastinated human bodies thrived. According to a report by Dalian Television Station on Nov. 23, 2010, Dalian Hoffen has business dealings with over 100 famous museums around the world, and Dalian Hoffen’s annual income has reached $200 million dollars [63].
Based on incomplete statistics, over 1,000 plastinated cadavers of Chinese people have been sold to the U.S. and European countries by Sui Hongjin.
On Nov. 28, 2007, China Autopsy Association announced that with the approval from the Ministry of Health, the Association and Sui Hongjin will prepare a “human body science world tour.” Based on the experiences from touring Beijing, Hefei and Nanjing, the Association will help make the world tour better [93].
On Dec. 15, 2008, Dalian Hoffen was awarded the title of “High-tech Enterprise” (Award Certificate No. GR200821200070) by Dalian municipal government. With this title, Dalian Hoffen enjoys tax benefits [94].
On May 15, 2009, Dalian Hoffen opened its “Mystery of Life Museum” claiming to be “the only comprehensive museum to explore human life in the world. [95]” The museum takes up 3,000 square meters of space. Sui Hongjin said, “The construction of the museum has received generous financial aids from Ministry of Finance and China Association for Science and Technology. We have also received a lot of attention and care from other ministries and officials from different levels, including Wu Jieping, Zhong Shizhen, Xue Shepu from China Academy of Sciences, Zuo Huanshen from Shanghai, Zhao Jinze, Zhang Chengyin, Teng Weiping from Liaoniang Province, Li Wancai, Wang Ping, Qu Xiaofei from Dalian municipal government [96].
On April 7, 2011, Dalian Hoffen provided 310 plastinated human bodies and parts to be on exhibit in Beijing National Meeting Center [97].
5. Sui Hongjin received many awards
Sui Hongjin received the “Technology Advancement Award” from Liaoning Provincial Education Committee in 1997. In 1998, Sui received the “Technology Advancement Award” from Ministry of Education. In 1999, Sui was the “Star Inventor” of Dalian City. In 2000, Sui was selected as “100 promising people” by Liaoning Provincial Department of Personnel.
In 2001, Sui won second place in the 3rd Liaoning Province Youth Science & Technology Award. In 2002, Sui was titled “advanced inventor” of Dalian City and “advanced educator” of Dalian Medical University. In 2004, Sui won 3rd place in Liaoning Province Science & Technology Award and was praised to “have outstanding contribution to our nation’s plastination industry” [81]. In 2004, Science Times under Chinese Academy of Sciences [98] selected Sui Hongjin as one of the “10 public figures in science education” and the “boldest” science educator.
In 2005, Dalian Hi-Tech Zone awarded Sui’s Hoffen one of the “10 best enterprises of 2005 [99].” Since 2006, Dalian Hoffen won “10 best hi-tech enterprises in Dalian” two years in a row. Sui Hongjin was named “Dalian Hi-Tech Zone 10 Best Young Entrepreneurs” and “10 Overseas Student Entrepreneurs [86].”
Conclusion
Large amount of evidence prove that the human cadavers used for plastination were not from donation, nor from unclaimed corpses. The main sources of the cadavers are not the “executed prisoners” as people have been speculating. In mainland China, the thriving “human body plastination” industry relies solely on the Chinese regime’s persecution of Falun Gong. The main source of the “fresh cadavers” is Falun Gong practitioners who were arrested and refused to reveal their identities. Such inhumane crimes against humanity are impossible in a normal society. Only under the CCP’s system, China is turned into the largest human body plastination factory. As long as the CCP rules China, the crime of using “fresh cadavers” to make money will exist and the CCP will continue to destroy mankind.
Reference
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The “big red man”, whose capillaries is clearly visible, and a female pregnant human specimen who had a three-month old fetus in the womb … the body exhibition, organized by the Chinese Anatomy Association had caused a huge stir in Beijing, Nanjing and other places.
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“The Human Body Exhibition has world premiere in Dublin February 2nd” (Ireland)By Kathleen Harris, 24th January 2012“featuring more than 200 real human body specimens…We are excited to bring this fascinating new exhibition to Dublin,says Noel McHale of MCD Promotions.”
[52] http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0130/breaking50.html Jan. 30, 2012 “Director Defends Human Bodies Exhibit” By Kitty Holland
The exhibition opens in Dublin on Thursday and will travel around Europe later in the year.
Ms Muré says all bodies were provided to the Hoffen biotechnique laboratory at the Medical University of Dalian in north-east China by the city morgue. In a statement, provided to HK Exhibitions, the Florida-based company running the exhibition, Dr Hong Jin Sui, Professor of anatomy at the university said the department “only accepts specimens that have been legally donated, are free of infectious disease and certified to have died of natural causes”.
[53]Source: thbexhibition.com “The Human Body Exhibition, Budapest, Until 27 May”（Hungary）
Q: Where do the specimens come from?
A: All of the bodies were obtained through the Dalian Medical University Plastination Laboratories in the People’s Republic of China. Asia possesses the largest and most highly competent group of dissectors in the world, and they are highly skilled in preparing the bodies for educational and scientific purposes. Currently, human specimens in medical schools in China, the United States and other countries throughout the world are donated or unidentified bodies.
Q: Who organized and designed THE HUMAN BODY EXHIBITION?
A: THE HUMAN BODY EXHIBITION is produced by HK Exhibition Group and not affiliated with any other organizers of human anatomy exhibitions, including Gunther von Hagens, Gerhard Perner, or Genlife Biomedical. http://www.xpatloop.com/news/69705
[54] HK Exhibitions Inc. the producer of the exhibition and the Hungarian supervisor Multimedia Kft bring the exhibition The Human Body to Budapest. This exhibition attracted more than 300 thousand visitors in 2008 in Budapest. The Human Body was enriched with new attractions, and presents more than 150 human bodies and body-parts.
http://budapestinfo.hu/esemenynaptar_en.html?eid=304
[55] Human Body Exhibition kick off in Belgium（hotonews）
http://www.cam111.com/photonews/2012/08/05/150404.html (contains pictures by Xinhua)
http://uk.eurostar.com/uk/travel-to-belgium/travel-to-flanders/travel-to-ostend/exhibitions/the-human-body-exhibition-ide-80018538
[56]‘Human Body’ exhibit marked by controversy
The entire exhibition was brought here and cleared as customs as an art collection, so nobody requested to see any documents proving the origin of the bodies, and I suppose nobody will want to see it anyway,” Havelková said. “The bodies were, however, provided by the Chinese government, so the main organizer, which is an American company, does have a document from the Chinese government.”
http://www.ceskapozice.cz/en/news/society/%E2%80%98human-body%E2%80%99-exhibit-marked-controversy?page=0,1
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Address: #32 Lixian Road B3-301, Ganjingzi District, Dalian city
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Dalian High-Tech Industrial Park is the first state-level high-tech industrial development zones. The High-tech enterprises located at Dalian High-tech Industrial Park enjoy the preferential policies of the corporate income tax rate which is reduced to 15%.
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Chinese Source URL: http://zhuichaguoji.org/node/26133
Links:
[1] http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/files/report/2012/11/26133_suihongjin_7.mp3
[2] http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/files/report/2012/11/26133_610-bu_zhi_s_flg_bady_2.mp3
[3] http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/files/report/2012/11/26133_wang_hongchun_0917.mp3
[4] http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/files/report/2012/11/26133_sun_guantiansun_yan_tian_sep18.mp3
[5] https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/files/report/2012/11/26133_6.jpg
[6] https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/files/report/2012/11/26133_7.jpg
[7] https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/files/report/2012/11/26133_9.jpg
[8] https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/files/report/2012/11/26133_8.jpg
[9] http://www.rz.gov.cn
[10] http://www.hoffen.com.cn
[11] http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/en/node/235
[12] http://www.res-medical.com/respiratory-diseases/21525
[13] http://www.ceiea.com
[14] http://www.chinabidding.com
[15] http://www.mdj.gov.cn
[16] http://www.caigou.com.cn
[17] http://www.bodiestheexhibition.com
[18] http://www.ireland.com/leisure/culture/museums/the-human-body-exhibition-has-world-premiere-in-dublin-february-2nd/630531
[19] http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0130/breaking50.html
[20] http://www.xpatloop.com/news/69705
[21] http://budapestinfo.hu/esemenynaptar_en.html?eid=304
[22] http://www.cam111.com/photonews/2012/08/05/150404.html
[23] http://uk.eurostar.com/uk/travel-to-belgium/travel-to-flanders/travel-to-ostend/exhibitions/the-human-body-exhibition-ide-80018538
[24] http://www.ceskapozice.cz/en/news/society/%E2%80%98human-body%E2%80%99-exhibit-marked-controversy?page=0,1
[25] http://www.jobui.com
[26] http://www.czw.com
[27] http://www.gov.cn/
[28] http://www.dw.de
[29] http://www.ctaxnews.com.cn
[30] http://www.dhbi.cn/
[31] http://zhuichaguoji.org/node/26133
[32] http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/en/sites/zhuichaguoji.org.en/files/record/2012/11/236-plastination-report_english2_report.pdf